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I've been looking around for lye to make pretzels and found few solutions for food grade lye. I want to continue using lye in my baking and would like to make my own lye going forward. The process looks cheap and easy but I'm not sure what I need (or don't need) to make food grade lye.

What part of the lye making process makes (or doesn't make) lye food grade?

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  • I doubt that you'll be able to make food grade lye, although it's easy to purchase. Harold McGee recommends making super-baking-soda by baking the soda and says the baked soda reasonably approximates lye for pretzels.
    – Jolenealaska
    Sep 3, 2014 at 18:28
  • @Jolenealaska This is probably the first time I disbelieve Harold McGee. But a true pretzel needs a very thick and glossy skin, baked soda doesn't come close to it.
    – rumtscho
    Sep 3, 2014 at 20:28
  • I've tried the baked baking soda method the other night and I was not impressed. Maybe I did something wrong but I tried experimenting with six different pretzels and they all came out more slimy than anything else.
    – Jeff
    Sep 3, 2014 at 21:11
  • @Jeff Good to know (if a bit disappointing)
    – Jolenealaska
    Sep 4, 2014 at 7:56
  • I use baking soda for making pretzels and it works "fine". The skin isn't nearly as thick or dark as with lye but it is a similar effect without needing to wear rubber gloves. I've never had any kind of slimy texture. Sep 5, 2014 at 20:56

2 Answers 2

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What is food grade lye

Pure lye is by itself always food grade. There is nothing toxic about lye (although it's corrosive even at low-ish concentrations).

When a manufacturer sells you food grade lye, they are guaranteeing you that it is not contaminated with anything unpleasant. After all, a chemistry plant will make a lot of different chemicals using the same equipment, and you don't want to use lye which was mixed in the same erlenmeyer flask as a batch of pesticides. Also, the equipment used in an industry processes can leave unpleasant traces too, some search shows that one of the more common setups in the 20th century used an asbestos barrier for the electrolysis process of lye creation.

The problems of making lye from sodium and water at home

If you make your lye at home, you'll only have to ensure that your ingredients are food grade. There is nothing in the process which can make the lye accidentally toxic. Even if you use wrong ratios: if you add more water than intended, your lye will be diluted, which does nothing bad, and even makes it less corrosive. If you add more sodium, you get more concentrated lye, which you can dilute. You don't need any catalysts, solvents, or other intermediate reagents about whose possible residues you should worry. All you need is food grade sodium.

But here we come to the first problem with your plan. It is much easier to find food grade lye than to find food grade sodium. Retail lye is used for household purposes, including baking pretzels and cleaning cooking utensils. I don't know of any use for retail sodium beyond seventh grade chemistry class demonstrations.

The second problem is that storing pure sodium at home is a PITA. First, you'll need to find some food grade liquid for the airtight seal, and it will react with cooking oils. You obviously don't want to use kerosene, so you'll probably need to get medicine grade liquid paraffin. Should you ever have a fire in your kitchen, the sodium will also burn with a much hotter flame than anything else around, and you probably won't get it extinguished until it has burned itself out - non-watery fire extinguishers are not very effective on it, and water-based ones will actually accelerate the fire.

The third problem is that you should pay lots of attention during the reaction. Sodium powder is prone to spontaneous explosions. Luckily, there isn't that much chance that you'll produce powder from it unwittingly. But the byproduct of the reaction, pure hydrogen, is also explosive when mixed with air at certain ratios, and you cannot control the ratio you produce.

The fourth problem is that the reaction is quite exothermic. You can mitigate it somewhat by adding very small amounts of the metal to the water (but not small enough to make a powder), but you'll still get some heat development. And it is happening right under a possibly explosive hydrogen-air mixture - not a good idea.

So my recommendation is to just buy food grade lye and use that. It will save you from lots of headaches.

The problems of making lye by brine electrolysis at home

You clarified that you had planned to use electrolysis. This is possible, and sodium chloride is certainly a more benign ingredient than pure sodium. The resulting sodium hydroxide should be safe for consumption. Still, I think it's more trouble than it's worth, and purchasing commercial lye is the better option.

First, you still have to manage your byproducts. You'll get elemental hydrogen and elemental chlorine bubbling up. You don't want either of these gases floating in your living space, hydrogen being explosive and chlorine plain poisonous.

Also, if you want a decent lye concentration, you usually do the reaction in a container where the electrodes are separated by a semipermeable barrier, else it reacts right back to salt. The problem is that your product will corrode most barriers quickly. I have done it as a kid in a u-shaped part of a drinking straw, with a piece of sponge in the middle. The lye ate the sponge away, and before that the chlorine turned the water in its part sickly green (yes, you have to dispose of that byproduct too somehow, it doesn't get out so quickly).

If you use this method, it will be very hard to either find a barrier which is not corroded by the lye, or accept some corrosion but make sure that the product (which will contaminate your lye) is not harmful when eaten. Then there is the part about electrodes Wayfaring Stranger mentions in a comment: you want to choose a cathode material which is not dangerous when ingested, especially no heavy metals. To complete the equipment safety part, use a glass container for the whole bath, not a plastic or metal one. And of course, don't use phenolphtalein drops to check for the proper concentration, get dry strips for dipping.

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    Thanks @rumtscho! I wouldn't use pure sodium as that's hard to get and very dangerous. I would use electrolysis with a sodium chloride solution. I've done the process before many times in college years ago; although, not for lye but the procedure is the same.
    – Jeff
    Sep 4, 2014 at 6:58
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    Do not use plain copper or aluminum for the electrodes. Use stainless steel, carbon or platinum. Some of the electrode always ends up dissolved in the salt solution. Copper and aluminum salts are not good for you. Sep 4, 2014 at 13:51
  • Lye can be dangerous. It requires special handling. It can cause permanent tissue damage to skin and eyes. atsdr.cdc.gov/MMG/MMG.asp?id=246&tid=45 That said, most food grade lye only contains about 2% sodium hydroxide, but always ask for the material safety data sheet to verify concentration. Apr 6, 2018 at 17:28
  • @StephenInoue I guess I have been a bit sloppy in my terms. I buy pure sodium hydroxide and dissolve it in water when I need lye. I don't get bottles of already-dissolved hydroxide. So my answer assumed that the OP will be dissolving NaOH at home, which leads to widely different concentrations. And I assumed (maybe hastily) people know that lye is corrosive.
    – rumtscho
    Apr 7, 2018 at 10:25
  • rumtscho you gave a great answer. My concern is that some people see the term Food Grade and confuse it with Food Safe. Pure food grade lye as you stated is extremely corrosive and people should take great care in mixing a small amount of lye to a large amount of water to avoid a violent exothermic chemical reaction. They should keep a bottle of vinegar (acetic acid) nearby in case they need to neutralize lye (an alkaline) and I recommend they wear protective clothing, gloves and eye protection when working with undiluted lye. "Nothing worse than lye in the eye." Apr 7, 2018 at 18:08
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I know this question is old, but I am in the process of making lye right now. My homemade lye is potassium hydroxide, while purchased lye is sodium hydroxide. I believe that our ancestors used the same method I am using to make the lye that they used for cooking.

I am using hardwood ash, from burning oak and apple wood. I collected rainwater during recent storms, and have had the ash and rainwater soaking for the past two weeks. I let it sit until it reached a ph of 13. Right now we are reducing it by heating it up for evaporation. I will know that it is sufficiently concentrated when a potato or egg floats in the lye solution with an area the size of an quarter floats above the surface.

I am doing this to make soap, the way our ancestors did. They had to make lye using the same process.

But then my mind turned to the foods that use lye. Is my lye food grade? Yes, I think it must be. We grill food using oak and apple wood. It adds a wonderful flavor. The only other ingredient is rainwater, which has been leaching the lye out of the ashes, and then simmered to concentrate it.

So I think I may need to make pretzels before I make soap.

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