Avoiding clumps in cacio e pepe?

Question

I've been trying to make a very basic three-ingredient cacio e pepe over the last few days and have found it difficult to create a smooth, creamy sauce.

I'm using only two cups of microplane-grated pecorino romano cheese, a handful of spaghetti, and crushed black pepper. Salt in the pasta water, too, of course.

I've tried it two ways and gotten varying results:

1. Cooking the pasta shallow water in a wide pan to concentrate the starch. Then, drain, lower the heat and add the pasta back in with a few ladles of water and adding the cheese gradually, tossing stirring violently with a wooden spoon.
2. Add some of the pasta water to the cheese in a separate bowl a few minutes before the pasta finishes cooking. Whisk the pasta water and cheese into a paste, then add the finished pasta to it with some extra water and, again, stir like crazy.

Neither seems to work very well, though my best results so far came from (1), but I'm quite convinced it was luck. What might I be doing wrong or overcomplicating? Everything I see on the Internet says it should be "very easy", but the lack of videos showing this recipe has made it difficult to learn. The videos I have seen use a lot of olive oil and butter, which I'm told is absolutely not traditional or okay.

Answer 1

Achieving a creamy sauce for cacio e pepe, and dishes like it (carbonara comes to mind) is not as straight forward as some would have you think. Fortunately, while we strive for the perfect emulsification, those attempts that don't exactly work are still delicious.

Here are some tips:
(1) Make sure your cheese is grated as finely as possible, and that it is at room temperature or warmer. A microplane is perfect.

(2) The water you add can't be too hot. Scoop some pasta water out halfway through the cooking process, allow it to cool, and use that to add later.

(3) Drain pasta and allow to cool a minute before dressing.

(4) Some find that combining pasta and cheese in a cool pan is better (so that you can control heating).

(5) Some combine the water and the cheese, then add that mixture to the pasta.

(6) The addition of fat (butter, cream, oil) helps the cheese to emulsify, but this addition varies and is sometimes not included.

It's all about practice and adjustment. Much of this information came from here, and I can vouch for more success (sadly,not perfection) using these techniques.

Answer 2

I think the key here is heat. The cheese clumps when it too hot, and the key of this recipe is temperature control, that is why you have to grate the cheese as finely as possible.

Tips:

1. Take the pan for making the sauce off the heat entirely. You can just use the heat of the pasta water to make the sauce, as long as you vigorously stir. Also you don't want the water to be boiling, because cheese protein denatures at 140F (60C), and melts at (180F 82C) for pecorino romano cheese since it is a hard cheese
2. Make sure to stir vigorously at the point where you are combining the pepper water, the pasta and the grated cheese.
3. The cheese water paste mixture is a pretty good technique, but you want to make sure that you are using starchy pasta water and the amount of pasta water is correct. See this video for proportions.

Video references

• For a more intuitive fool proof cooking, see this chef
• For more science on this, see Ethan's video.
• For a bit of dramatic cacio e peppe fun, Alex

Answer 3

If you don't care about being at all traditional, you can take out a cup of the pasta water just before al dente and measure out 2% of the weight of the water plus the cheese in sodium citrate. Whisk it in to the water, then add the cheese bit by bit. It's then safe to add the pasta and cook the rest of the way, adjusting with more cheese or pasta water as needed.

Sodium citrate is detailed more in Modernist Cuisine, but the key detail is that it keeps even hard cheeses emulsified. The sauce simply will not clump this way. It has a salty, slightly citrusy taste, but it's easily overpowered by pecorino or parm.

If you're sensitive to sodium or don't keep that ingredient around (what? doesn't everyone have a molecular gastronomy hobby?) then you can get similar results with an immersion blender. Again reserve some starchy pasta water into a narrow blender cup and add the cheese slowly while running the blender. Keep plenty of cheese around to adjust the consistency. Then it's safe to toss in a warm bowl with the pasta.